标签： 上海私人品茶

　　Imperial Examination, the earliest "college entrance examination" in China, began in the Sui Dynasty. Champion, a term that is still full of charm and vitality and envied by all, is the invention and creation of the only female emperor Wu Zetian in China history.

　　What is "Imperial Examination"

　　"Imperial Examination" means to select people by subject. The real imperial examination system in China began with Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, and followed Yang Guang, Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty. After the unification of the whole country in Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty put the power of selecting officials under the central government, abolished the Nine-Graded System, and began to select officials by examination. Emperor Yangdi loved literature, set up the imperial examination department, and selected scholars by "trying strategy". This was the beginning of the imperial examination text for future generations, and also set up the Ming Classics Department, which marked the official birth of the imperial examination system.

　　Judging from the history books, Yang Guang’s promotion of the system of selecting officials in imperial examinations was not a political show. At that time, it was really out of the need to select outstanding talents. In the Tang dynasty, the imperial examination field came out of the "No.1 scholar". The first scholar is the champion, and in today’s words, he is the champion in the examination room. This term, which is still full of charm and vitality and envied by all, is the invention and creation of the only female emperor Wu Zetian in China history. Since then, the "number one scholar" has become synonymous with outstanding students.

　　Specifically, the scores of the ancient "college entrance examination" were divided into three grades: one, two and three. Only three people are taken from one armor. The first name "No.1 Scholar", the second name "No.2 Scholar" and the third name "Flower Exploration", called "Three Ding Jia", are all given to "Jinshi Ji"; Second, take several names (according to the needs of officialdom), all of which are given "Jinshi origin"; The top three take a number of names, all of which are given "the same Jinshi origin."

　　There are many rules in ancient imperial examinations and they are quite complicated. The complete procedure includes the provincial examination, the general examination and the court examination, that is, the local, central and imperial examinations. As we all know, the examination place is located in each province after having obtained the provincial examination. After having obtained the provincial examination, it is also called Xiang Wei, and passing the provincial examination is called "Zhongju" and becomes a juror. Formally speaking, after having obtained a provincial examination can be regarded as the "unified examination for ordinary colleges and universities in China" in ancient China.

　　Ancient imperial examinations were nothing but martial arts.

　　Just as it is not easy to be among the best now, it is even more difficult to get the top scholar in ancient times. Therefore, most of the top scholars in ancient times were truly knowledgeable people, and even the emperor liked to marry his daughter to the top scholar Lang.

　　After the resumption of the "College Entrance Examination" in the late 1970s, for a long time, all the candidates in Qian Qian took the same examination paper. The ancient imperial examination was the same at the beginning, and the national unified examination was implemented. In most years, it was a list of officials. However, since ancient times, there have been talented people in the south of the Yangtze River, and the northern scholar has been in the imperial examination field. On the whole, it is obvious that he can’t pass the examination of Jiangsu and Zhejiang scholars. Later, for the sake of justice, balance and care, in the final round of "Finals" in palace examination, some dynasties, such as the Ming Dynasty, divided the examination questions and examination times between the south and the north, and there were even three volumes between the south, the north and the middle.

　　The current college entrance examination is divided into arts and sciences, and the ancient imperial examination is also divided into subjects, which are different from arts and martial arts. Therefore, there is a difference between the literary champion and the martial arts champion. According to research, the first martial arts champion in ancient China was named Xue Yi; There are too many famous literary champions, such as Wang Wei, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, a national hero in the Song Dynasty, and Zhang Jian, an industrialist in the late Qing Dynasty.

　　How many books should I recite in the imperial examination?

　　According to statistics, candidates have to recite The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan, with a total of more than 400,000 words, all of which should be carefully read and memorized. In addition, candidates have to read several times as many notes as the original text, as well as other classics, history books and literary books that must be read.

　　In ancient times, there were four subjects to be studied in the "College Entrance Examination", namely, eight-part essay, poem, classics and law. The topics of the eight-part essay are mainly taken from the Four Books: The University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. Trial post poetry is a kind of poetic style. In the examination, a poem and idiom of the ancients are used as the topic, and a rhyme is defined, and a poem is written with the content of praising the state affairs.

　　The examination time is three days.

　　In ancient times, the examination time was also very fixed, but it was not limited to one examination. In some dynasties, there were spring examinations and summer examinations. The "palace examination" who finally decides the top scholar is usually arranged in the spring of March, which is the so-called "March Tingkao".

　　In ancient times, the examination time was generally divided into three days, but instead of connecting the examinations as it is now, two days were left in the middle. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, after having obtained the provincial examinations, they were held in August of the lunar calendar, and in February of the lunar calendar, and in March of palace examination. The time for the township and the meeting is set at the ninth, twelfth and fifteenth days of the month.

　　Jiangnan after having obtained the provincial examinations is mostly held in autumn, so it is also called "Autumn Wei". Three games each, three days and nights each. Because there are two changes in the middle, it is actually nine days and seven nights.

　　The first test was an eight-part essay, which was selected from the four books and five classics. The second test is the practical writing of officialdom, which is divided into two types: official documents and judicial judgments based on cases provided. The third exam question involves specific national economy and people’s livelihood issues, and requires candidates to give countermeasures and methods. At that time, the scientific examination was a candidate and a major event of the imperial court. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the examination, the building would be locked after the examination, and no matter what happened, even if there was a fire, the candidates could not be unlocked.

　　At that time, all the buildings were lined south, with nearly 100 long ones and 50 or 60 short ones. At the entrance of the lane, there is a font size, equipped with a signal lamp and a water tank, which can be used by candidates to travel at night and drink water during the day. During the examination, the candidates will provide their own meals. Because it takes a long time to have a rural examination and the weather is sultry, the food will soon deteriorate, so candidates usually only bring dry food to satisfy their hunger.

　　The examination questions are large and complicated.

　　For the types of test papers, the dynasties are similar. The subjects tested in each dynasty have not changed much in general, but the number of questions is very large. According to the different subjects selected, it is possible to obtain fame only by completing the corresponding examination papers. On the surface, it is simpler than the current college entrance examination papers, and it seems that it is only a composition, but in fact it is more complicated, and it is a lifelong test. Because of the large number of examination questions and the long time, there are often incidents of "killing" candidates: some students can’t stand the torture, throw themselves into the water and leave.

　　At that time, the relevant measures to prevent cheating were very strict, the examination room was closed, and a row of numbered houses separated the candidates.

　　The brick walls on the left and right sides of the building are between one and two feet from the ground, and two brick supports are built, so that upper and lower boards can be placed on them. In the daytime exam, the upper board replaces the console table, and the lower board is a stool for candidates to sit and answer questions. At night, the upper board is taken out and merged into the lower floor to be used as a bed for sleeping. However, because the length of the building is only four feet, which is equivalent to 1.33 meters, people can’t even straighten their legs when they sleep. Moreover, there is no door in the building, so candidates need to bring their own tarpaulin as a door curtain to prevent wind and rain.

　　Because the weather is very hot in autumn, the candidates eat and live in a small building. Therefore, there are often candidates who die accidentally because of heatstroke and food poisoning, while others are killed by poisonous snakes hiding in the eaves of the building.

　　Ancient candidates were very hard.

　　Parents and educators have been calling for reducing students’ burden for years. In fact, this wish has been shouted for more than 1000 years. The college entrance examination in ancient times was also a major event for families. Like parents accompanying and sending exams now, parents in ancient times were also very dedicated, which was the only channel for children to lead their careers.

　　In ancient times, students couldn’t just read books. They had to recite classics like the Four Books and the Five Classics, memorize them by heart, and even get a clear picture of a sentence on a page and a line. The ancient college entrance examination was even more beautiful in calligraphy, but it was three or nine in winter and three days in summer. The results of studying for many years were much more painful than those of modern students.

　　As far as the provisions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are concerned, not all students can take the township entrance examination. The first choice is to pass the quiz, which is commonly known as the boy test, and it is possible to become a scholar. Scholars have to pass the annual examination and the departmental examination before they are eligible to take the provincial examination. The departmental examination is held before the provincial examination, which can be regarded as a pre-examination for the provincial examination. Scholars who passed the examination were allowed to take part in the ancient "college entrance examination" after having obtained the provincial examination. If you fail the exam, it is called "falling into the sea", and those who fall into the sea still have a chance to make up the exam, which is called "failing to pass the exam"

　　After passing the provincial examination and becoming a juren, you can take part in the meeting presided over by the Ministry of Rites. Because the examination room for the exam is located in Beijing, there is a saying that "going to Beijing to catch the exam". Candidates who pass the final exam, called "Gong Shi", are qualified to take the final and highest-level exam.

　　There was a system of sealing volumes in ancient times.

　　At present, the college entrance examination stipulates that there is a strict system of sealing papers, and the examination papers will be sealed as soon as each exam is over, so as to prevent artificial disadvantages in marking the exam papers. In fact, this system of sealing papers has existed for a long time in the ancient "College Entrance Examination".

　　According to historical records, the ancient imperial examination system in China began in the Song Dynasty. According to the Song History Election, during the Chunhua period in Song Taizong, the method of "pasting the name to test the school" was adopted at the suggestion of Chen Jing, the examiner, and the candidates’ names and places of origin were pasted on the test paper, and it was decided to open the test paper before sealing it.

　　The specific method is: the test paper should be pasted with the name, which is called "sealed". The method is that after the examination paper is handed in, the sealing officer will fold the paper, seal the candidate’s name and number it in red; Then, the transcriber will copy the test paper with Zhu Pen, which is called "Zhu Juan" and send it to the examiner for review. When the list is released, the "black roll" will be unpacked according to the red number of the "Zhu roll" selected, and finally the list will be written by roll call.

　　The examiner is the deputy examiner. If he likes any recommendation paper, he will mark it with the word "take"-the so-called "admission" in the modern college entrance examination, which is probably how it came about. The papers marked with "take" will be sent to the examiner, who will finally decide the fate of the candidates. If the examiner also likes it, he will approve the word "Zhong" on the test paper-the origin of "Exam Zhong" should come from this.

　　Just like today, there are strict rules on the marking time in the past dynasties, which require that the marking be completed within a certain period of time. Take the Qing Dynasty as an example, the time limit for marking papers is 10 days. These 10 days also include the time before sealing, copying and reading. In the meantime, it will take a lot of time to eat and invite, so the real marking time is quite tight, but only three or four days. Therefore, at that time, examiners generally had to review twenty papers a day, with thirty or forty more. Ordinary marking staff have more papers to read, so most of them are overloaded. It can be seen that in ancient times when there was no modern computer-aided marking, the marking staff simply had no time to read every test paper carefully.

　　In order to speed up marking and finish the work stipulated by the imperial court on time, marking personnel also try their best. One of the most important means is to look at the "first impression", that is, to focus on the candidates’ first exam papers, which is what the ancients called "stop reading the forecourt and stop reading the meaning of the book".

　　Under normal circumstances, if candidates do well in the first exam, they get a "high score" when marking papers-good comments, and basically they will be on the list. But if you fail in the first exam, even if you play well in the last two games, you may lose your reputation in Sun Shan. Therefore, candidates at that time paid special attention to answering the first exam.

　　Looking back, the "paste-name examination" method in the Song Dynasty was obviously regarded as the "ancestor" of the college entrance examination system.

　　Allow failed students to search the papers

　　It can be said that there are more subjective factors in marking papers in ancient times than in modern times, which have a great influence on candidates’ grades. Many failed students were missed by irresponsible marking personnel. Therefore, some examiners with a strong sense of responsibility will randomly check the "failed papers" that have not been tested, and the examiner also has the right to read the recommendation papers that have not been "taken" by the deputy examiner for review.

　　In addition, there is a more humane provision-allowing failed students to check the papers, which is also a good way to supervise the marking staff. If the excellent papers are graded badly, once the candidates petition, they will be in big trouble, and the responsible person will be punished by the court.

　　During marking, the ink roll has been stored in the outer curtain and kept by the outer palm. After all the marking work is finished, the original volume will be transferred out against the admitted Zhu volume, the personal information of the candidates will be found out, and the name of the list will be filled in. Next, it’s time to release the admission list. After the release of the list, the admitted Zhu Juan and Mo Juan will be re-assembled and sent to the Ministry of Ritual (equivalent to the current Ministry of Education) for review.

　　At this time, the failed candidates can check the papers. Generally, within 10 days after the announcement of the test results, the candidates who failed the exam can check their own papers. There will be the examiner’s marking comments on the papers, and at first glance, you will understand why you have not been admitted, which is also a dead end.

(Source: Yanzhao Evening News)

Beijing, March 25 (Xinhua) According to the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, with the improvement of people’s living standards and the enhancement of health awareness, more and more consumers are used to buying bottled water or bottled water in their daily lives. Mineral water, natural water, distilled water … There are many kinds of drinking water in the market, which makes people dazzle. What’s the difference between these different names of water?

Bottled water and bottled water in the market belong to packaged drinking water. At present, the common packaged drinking water can be roughly divided into three categories: pure water, natural water or natural spring water and mineral water.

Pure water:

Purified drinking water is made by distillation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or other appropriate water purification processes. Distilled water on the market also belongs to pure water.

In the process of treatment, purified water removes harmful components such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metal elements and organic substances, and has low hardness and good taste, and can be directly drunk, without forming scale when boiling water. However, in the process of treatment, minerals beneficial to human beings such as potassium, calcium and zinc are also removed.

Natural water/natural spring water:

Drinking natural water and drinking natural spring water are all made from natural sources that have not passed through the public water supply system. The difference is that the water source of natural water can come from wells, mountain springs, reservoirs, lakes or alpine icebergs, while natural spring water can only come from underground springs.

These two kinds of water only need minimal treatment (such as filtration, ozone or equivalent treatment), that is, impurities and harmful substances in the water are removed, and the original minerals and trace elements beneficial to human beings are retained. The composition and proportion of mineral elements in natural water/natural spring water from different water sources are different, and there are also some differences in taste and water quality.

Mineral water:

The mineral water we talk about every day mainly refers to drinking natural mineral water. Drinking natural mineral water is water that naturally gushes from deep underground or is collected by drilling, contains a certain amount of minerals, trace elements or other components, and is unpolluted in a certain area and preventive measures are taken to avoid pollution; Under normal circumstances, its chemical composition, flow rate, water temperature and other dynamic indicators are relatively stable within the natural periodic fluctuation range.

Mineral water belongs to natural water in essence, but natural water is not necessarily mineral water. Mineral water must be deep groundwater, and its components such as minerals or carbon dioxide must meet one or more of the boundary indicators in national standards. Generally speaking, mineral water has stable water quality, little microbial content, and contains a certain amount of minerals and trace elements needed by human body, such as zinc, selenium and strontium.

In other words, the key to distinguish various packaged drinking water depends on its water source and implementation standards.

From the point of view of water source, pure water comes from public water supply or non-public water supply, while natural water, natural spring water and mineral water come from non-public water supply.

From the standard point of view, pure water, natural water and natural spring water implement the national standard for food safety-packaged drinking water (GB 19298-2014), while natural mineral water implements the national standard for food safety-drinking natural mineral water (GB 8537-2018).

Different packaged drinking water has different water quality and taste because of its different components.

What kind of water should we choose for our daily drinking?

From a health point of view, natural trace elements and minerals in water are valuable nutrition and health resources, so the more "pure" water is, the better. We should try our best to keep natural elements beneficial to human body and remove harmful components.

Scientific research shows that moderate amounts of calcium and magnesium in water have protective effects on cardiovascular health. Although the magnesium provided by water only accounts for 2%-4% of the human body’s needs, it can still play an important role for those who are mildly deficient in magnesium, such as those who take diuretics because of hypertension and heart disease.

In addition, compared with magnesium in food, magnesium in dissolved ionic state in water is more easily absorbed by human body. The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that drinking water without minerals for a long time can directly or indirectly lead to low or even zero absorption of beneficial minerals.

Therefore, pure water should not be used as a single daily drinking water for a long time, and it can be drunk occasionally or alternately with other types of drinking water.

Although purified water is not suitable for long-term drinking, in some cases, such as making tea, it has a unique advantage because it does not contain "impurities". As the saying goes, "water is the mother of tea", and good tea needs proper water brewing to complement each other. Scientific research shows that mineral content, pH and electrical conductivity in water are the main factors affecting the quality of tea. Higher pH will make the color of tea darker; Minerals easily react with some taste substances in tea, thus affecting the color and taste of tea. Pure water has a low pH and the least mineral content. When used to make tea, the soup is bright in color and pure in fragrance, which can best reflect the original taste of various teas.

So the higher the mineral content, the more beneficial it is to human health? Trace elements and minerals in water may improve some chronic diseases, such as digestive tract diseases. However, water with high mineral content is not suitable for everyone. In some cases, it is "too much" and must be selected according to its own situation.

★ If some studies believe that the immature kidneys of infants and young children, such as high mineral content in water, will increase the burden on the kidneys;

★ Children and people with weak renal function (such as renal dialysis patients, the elderly, etc.) should avoid drinking water with high strontium content for a long time, because low calcium intake may cause the risk of bone health for such people.

In fact, besides packaged drinking water, the most healthy and economical daily drinking water for ordinary people is boiled tap water, that is, boiled water. Tap water is the most common drinking water in China at present. It is taken from natural water sources on the surface or underground, purified and disinfected by a series of treatment processes, and then transported to thousands of households.

The photosynthetic rate of plant leaves was measured in Guyuan Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University. Wang Xuefeng reporter Zhang Xuejun photo

Professor Yu Xudong of Hainan University visited the pomelo tea base of Gaohe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. to check the planting situation of pomelo tea seedlings. Reporter Zhang Xuejun photo

　　Breaking the "SCI supremacy" of papers is an important measure to change the pursuit of quantity into the pursuit of quality, which will have a far-reaching impact on breaking the utilitarianism and quick success in scientific and technological innovation, removing the academic bubble and shaping the excellent atmosphere of practical innovation. Recently, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology issued "Several Opinions on Standardizing the Use of Relevant Indicators of SCI Papers in Colleges and Universities and Establishing Correct Evaluation Orientation" (hereinafter referred to as "Several Opinions"), and put forward ten specific opinions on breaking the "SCI supremacy" of papers and optimizing academic ecology.

　　What is the significance of cracking "SCI worship" to the establishment of scientific and technological evaluation mechanism in the new period? How to establish a scientific evaluation system after breaking the "SCI supremacy"? What explorations have universities made in this regard? The reporter recently conducted an interview.

　　Excessive pursuit of SCI papers distorts the pursuit of scientific and technological innovation value

　　Since SCI (scientific citation index) was introduced to China in the late 1980s, it has provided a source of information and data for researchers in Chinese universities and scientific research institutions to understand international academic trends, and also opened a channel for disseminating academic achievements to the outside world, which has greatly promoted the rapid development of scientific research in China, especially basic research.

　　However, in recent years, the number of SCI papers, cited times, highly cited papers, impact factors and derived ESI rankings have become the core indicators of academic evaluation, as well as professional title evaluation, performance appraisal, talent evaluation, subject evaluation, resource allocation, school ranking and other aspects, which has led to excessive pursuit of SCI papers and related indicators in scientific research work in colleges and universities, even aiming at publishing the number of SCI papers, high-impact papers and highly cited papers. There are some problems in scientific and technological innovation, such as distorted pursuit of value, exaggerated and impetuous style of study and quick success, which are not conducive to the high-quality and connotative development of higher education, can not meet the requirements of educational reform and development in the new era, and are not conducive to the construction of a strong country in education and science and technology.

　　According to Lu Jian, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences and president of Nanjing University, since the reform and opening up, China’s scientific and technological development has roughly gone through three stages. First, the stage of comprehensive transformation: completely changing the problem of not attaching importance to science and technology during the Cultural Revolution, promoting the arrival of scientific spring and bringing scientific and technological innovation to the international stage. Second, the stage of large-scale development: the framework of scientific and technological innovation system has been fully established, major breakthroughs have been made in several fields, and many scientific and technological indicators are among the best in the world. The third is the stage of high-quality improvement: building an innovative country and blowing the horn of marching into the world’s technological power. At present, the root cause of the problem is that the economic and social development in the new era has required science and technology to enter the stage of high-quality upgrading, while the current evaluation system is still in the stage of large-scale development, which cannot keep up with the new requirements of the new era and new stage of science and technology development.

　　"In the early stage of scientific research development in domestic universities, encouraging the publication of SCI papers has a positive effect on improving the level of scientific research and should be affirmed. However, as China’s scientific and technological innovation enters the stage of promoting high-quality development with high-quality innovation, if SCI papers are still used as the only indicator to evaluate the level of scientific research, it is a manifestation of lack of self-confidence, which will lead to the loss or even alienation of goals. " Jin Li, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and executive vice president of Fudan University, believes.

　　According to Yi Fan, president of the Institute of Science and Technology of Shandong University, in recent years, the state has issued a series of policies and measures, such as the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening Basic Scientific Research in an All-round Way, Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Project Evaluation, Talent Evaluation and Institution Evaluation, and breaking the "Five Merits" and "SCI supremacy". The core is to enhance the original ability of scientific and technological innovation and enhance the quality and contribution of scientific and technological development.

　　"The contribution of SCI papers exists, which is China’s business card in the world and the expression of China’s academic level and international influence, but this kind of competition should be of high quality. At present, improving quality on the basis of ensuring a certain amount can create a better scientific research atmosphere. " Yi Fan said that breaking the "SCI supremacy" is not to deny the publication of SCI papers, let alone to oppose them, but to encourage the publication of high-quality and constructive papers, not to follow the trend and even lead to academic misconduct.

　　According to Chen Qiang, a professor in school of economics and management, Tongji University, SCI is just a tool for document retrieval, with its specific screening angle, logic and standards, but it has been overused and distorted.

　　Chen Qiang analysis, first of all, financial investment in science and technology requires performance audit and needs the support of performance indicators. Scientific research organizations in colleges and universities have a strong administrative color, so it is necessary to promote related work. As a result, in some colleges and universities, SCI papers have become explicit indicators of scientific research level and discipline construction performance, and even turned into "baton" of scientific research activities. Secondly, after the reform and opening up, in the international academic competition in most fields, Chinese universities are mainly in a state of "following". When the academic level and governance maturity are not too high, there are also practical considerations in cost control and efficiency improvement when choosing indicators such as SCI papers. After all, at a specific stage of development, taking SCI papers as academic evaluation indicators is simple, intuitive and easy to understand and implement.

　　Establish and improve the evaluation system according to the "category"

　　In terms of how to break the "SCI supremacy" of papers, "Several Opinions" put forward a number of specific measures, such as establishing and improving the classified evaluation system, improving academic peer evaluation, vigorously reducing project evaluation, talent evaluation and institutional evaluation, and reversing the utilitarian tendency of assessment and reward.

　　Yi Fan believes that the core of Several Opinions is to adhere to the problem orientation and oppose "only papers". It is not to deny the value of papers and oppose the publication of papers. It is necessary to encourage the publication of high-quality papers, return them to the academic essence, and avoid the utilitarianism of papers. Second, adhere to classified management, strengthen peer review, pay attention to the quality of results, highlight the effectiveness of evaluation, and continuously improve scientific and technological evaluation activities. Third, adhere to the combination of breaking and establishing, not only dare to "break" and resolutely break the bad direction of "only papers" in the evaluation of scientific and technological activities, but also be good at "establishing" and establishing new regulations.

　　Jin Li also believes that the key to the current problem of "SCI supremacy" lies in the fact that the number of papers is linked to the allocation of resources. Therefore, the core of standardizing the use of related indicators of SCI papers in colleges and universities and breaking away from "only papers" and "SCI first" in scientific research evaluation is to get rid of utilitarianism. The key to breaking "SCI supremacy" is not only "breaking", but also how to "stand". Exploring the establishment of an academic evaluation index system that can reasonably measure the contribution value is the embodiment of improving the ability and level of academic governance.

　　"It is impossible to measure the diversity of scientific research and academic value by using a single index. Classified evaluation, peer evaluation and representative work system are three evaluation principles that reflect the combination of quantitative and qualitative, which is conducive to the construction of ‘ SCI first ’ After the evaluation system. " Jin Li said that the key point is to correctly use the evaluation mechanism of SCI papers, instead of simply using the number of SCI papers, the number of highly cited papers, the level of impact factors and other indicators to evaluate departments, disciplines and teachers, thus forming the orientation of blindly pursuing popularity, highly cited papers and impact factors. According to different disciplines and fields, we should classify scientific research evaluation, and combine the representative work system to distinguish the evaluation criteria of papers in different fields such as basic research, applied research and technology development. At the same time, we should emphasize solving major problems of basic research, major national needs and major industrial applications, and apply them in long-term evaluation such as title promotion and short-term evaluation such as performance accounting according to the principles of accessibility and differentiation. The existing expert peer evaluation should also be improved and refined according to the principle of traceability and accountability.

　　In Chen Qiang’s view, it is necessary to establish and improve a classified evaluation system based on "category": the laws of basic research, applied research and technological innovation are different, and the research methods and results are different. Under normal circumstances, the basic research cycle is long, with "slow research", "deep research" and "cold research" as the mainstay, and the output is relatively uncertain. Applied research aims to achieve a technological breakthrough in a specific field, or to solve practical problems in production and management practice. It has a clear result orientation and needs to race against time. Technological innovation is even different. It needs one eye to look at the supply side and one eye to look at the demand side, and its performance is more relevant to the market.

　　"Evaluation work must respect the laws and characteristics of different scientific research fields, broaden the observation dimension, and pay attention to invention patents, engineering schemes, industry standards, specifications, monographs, teaching materials, reference books, proposals, special reports, policy texts, media articles, creative designs and other forms of achievements in addition to high-level papers." Chen Qiang said.

　　"Thesis is endowed with the function of scientific and technological evaluation because it is the expression carrier of professional knowledge and achievements. Similarly, academic monographs, peer-reviewed scientific and technological reports, and research results that apply or promote technological progress all have the same function as papers as evaluation criteria. The significance of objecting to paper is to find suitable evaluation methods for scientific and technological innovations of different natures. At the same time, scientific and technological reports, academic monographs and other forms of expression can complement the time-sensitive papers in the systematic nature of the results. " Du Ozawa, dean of the Institute of Science and Technology of North China Electric Power University, said.

　　In terms of peer evaluation, Du Ozawa believes that the professionalism of modern science is getting stronger and stronger, and the division of professional direction is becoming more and more obvious. For the vast majority of researchers, their work and achievements are likely to be meaningful only to their professional fields. Therefore, peer review is the premise and foundation of scientific and objective evaluation mechanism.

　　"To implement peer review, we should vigorously create a healthy and progressive scientific culture, put an end to the erosion of the unhealthy atmosphere of human society and relationship society in the scientific community, organically combine the popular double-blind review with public review, and establish a personal credit system for researchers." Du Ozawa said.

　　In addition, Du Ozawa suggested that the long-term representative work system should be implemented in scientific and technological evaluation. Scientific and technological innovation activities have their inherent periodicity and regularity, and the output of high-level achievements is often directly proportional to the investment of researchers in time and concentration. The output of the results is a spiral accumulation process. What ultimately represents a researcher’s level should be his long-term masterpiece. In most cases, the research results in recent years required by the evaluation of professional titles and the selection of talent titles only reflect the active degree of scientific and technological innovation of researchers, and the representative works, including scientific and technological reports, academic monographs and academic papers, can better reflect the height that researchers can reach.

　　Scientific and technological evaluation should return to the origin of scientific research and technological innovation.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the 2018 National Education Conference and the Academician Conference of the two academies that "it is necessary to deepen the reform of the education system, improve the implementation mechanism of Lide Shuren, reverse the unscientific orientation of education evaluation, and resolutely overcome the stubborn disease of only grades, only studies, only diplomas, only papers and only hats, and fundamentally solve the baton problem of education evaluation". It is necessary to reform the evaluation system of science and technology, establish a classified evaluation system oriented to the quality, contribution and performance of scientific and technological innovation, and correctly evaluate the scientific value, technical value, economic value, social value and cultural value of scientific and technological innovation achievements. This points out the direction for the reform of evaluation system, and its profound connotation is to emphasize that scientific and technological evaluation should return to the origin of scientific research and technological innovation and liberate scientific and technological personnel from unreasonable evaluation system.

　　In Lu Jian’s view, from a macro perspective, the problems that need to be paid attention to in China’s current scientific and technological development can be summarized as follows: a pair of contradictions — — The number of papers, citations and patents in China ranks among the best in the world, but its innovation ability is around 20. Two weaknesses — — Key core technologies are controlled by people, and few Nobel Prize winners; Two deviations — — Value deviation (pursuing hats and papers as goals) and behavior deviation (impetuous and utilitarian tendency). We should fully realize the overall situation, process and complexity of the evaluation system reform. This requires planning the problems of "breaking" and "establishing" from the overall perspective.

　　Nanjing University uses the principle of "one definition", "four transformations", "three reductions" and "three lines superposition" to explore and practice a scientific evaluation system that is more suitable for the needs of the new era.

　　Lu Jian introduced that "one clarity" means that under the background of "the world is in a great change in a hundred years", standing at the height of the community of human destiny, on the basis of inheriting tradition, we will try our best to explore the original issues such as "what is a university" and "who to train" and rethink the positioning, connotation, structure and function of a university. "Four transformations" is a new paradigm of university development characterized by "new system of talent training, new model of scientific research, new mechanism of team building, new promotion of teachers and students, etc." to lead "transformation of development mode, transformation of development mode, transformation of management mode and transformation of ways of doing things". The "Three Reductions" restore the essential connotation, important extension and measurement methods of related indicators, such as scores, further studies, diplomas, papers and hats, such as personnel training, scientific research and team building, so that various indicators can return to their auxiliary means of measurement in various scenes. The so-called "three-line superposition" means that the perspective of measurement mode is changed from emphasizing only the result to emphasizing the combination of the result and the process, and the evaluation elements are transformed into the three-line superposition of "excellent leading, transformation and improvement, and indicator performance", and then new elements of evaluation are put forward.Such as mode, mechanism, method, efficiency, performance, hierarchy, etc., and their scientific combination, as an alternative path to traditional evaluation methods.

　　Focusing on the goal of improving academic governance, Nie Zuoren, academician of China Academy of Engineering and vice president of Beijing University of Technology, introduced that the academic committee of Beijing University of Technology has mainly carried out three practical explorations: First, it has established academic evaluation standards oriented to "quality and classification", and established an evaluation index system that pays attention to the quality level of landmark achievements, the contribution to the promotion of this post, the influence of solving the "stuck neck" problem in key national technical fields, and the promotion of scientific and technological progress, highlighting the characteristics of disciplines. The second is to improve the construction of operational mechanism, revise and promulgate seven rules and regulations on the work of academic committees at the two levels of schools and colleges, and enhance the status and role of academic communities in academic evaluation activities. Third, the Code of Academic Ethics and Conduct has been specially formulated, which clearly puts forward a standardized management framework for the academic behavior of teachers and students and promotes academic self-discipline.

　　"The perfection of scientific and technological evaluation and academic evaluation system is the establishment of orientation and the remolding of values. It is an important part of improving the ability and level of social governance in China and will have a far-reaching impact on China’s scientific research and personnel training. Different universities are at different stages of development and have different needs. According to the spirit of the document, according to their own characteristics and development stages, combined with the actual development of disciplines, we should formulate the management methods and implementation plans for scientific and technological evaluation of our school. " Jin Li believes.

[Global Network Automobile Comprehensive Report] On April 18, 2023, Lectra Motor landed at the 2023 Shanghai International Auto Show with its entire new energy lineup. As the latest masterpiece of Lectra Auto in the exploration of new energy travel, the intelligent five-seat ultra-electric SUV Lectra 08 comes with "electricity", and the EM-P super extended-range electric scheme based on CMA Evo’s new architecture is released, which accelerates the strategic transformation of Lectra brand to new and electric power.

At this auto show, the gold medal booth of Lectra’s "Urban Amusement Park" was advanced again. Inspired by the 24-hour changing urban landscape, the brand concept of "not just cars" was interpreted with a scene and immersive sensory experience. In addition, the prototype concept car of Lectra 08-The Next Day concept car was unveiled at the same time. It is an important carrier of Lectra’s new energy technology and an advanced interpretation of Lectra’s urban aesthetic design language, presenting the unique beauty of Lectra’s new energy.

The LECK EM-P super extended range electric scheme is advanced, and it is more electrified.

Aiming at the high-end experience of users, Lectra CMA architecture ushered in a new evolution-CMA Evo architecture. This is a new starting point for the new energy architecture to build a car, and it will fully empower the company to be new, electric and strong in the future.

Based on CMA Evo architecture, LEEK 08 released the EM-P super extended range electric scheme. This is an advanced new energy solution based on Lynk E-Motive intelligent electric hybrid technology platform, which is mainly driven by electricity, and can meet the needs of users in all scenarios and working conditions.

The EM-P super extended-range electric scheme supports three-motor four-wheel drive, including a brand-new independent rear-drive motor, and also supports the layout of super-large flat-panel batteries, which improves the inductance, performance, driving control and battery life of the GM EM-P model to a higher dimension and provides users with the optimal solution of new energy with more electrification and no anxiety in power consumption.

Linke 08 inductance crosses the border to open a new experience of charged travel

As the first strategic vehicle model born under CMA Evo framework and the first vehicle model of EM-P super extended range electric scheme, LECK 08 bears the heavy responsibility of LECK’s all-round new direction and reshaping the market structure. With the blessing of new architecture and ultra-electric scheme, Linke 08 expands the boundary of new energy travel with the hard-core strength of inductance, space, intelligence and design, and unlocks the new experience of "live" travel.

Relying on the EM-P super extended-range electric scheme, Linke 08 has a brand-new inductive driving pleasure of "one power to the end". The 3-motor 4-wheel drive version of LINKE 0800 kilometers accelerated into the "4-second club", with a comprehensive power of over 400kW and a maximum torque of over 900N·m, truly achieving high speed, long distance and off-road panic, showing the driving pleasure of "not only instantaneous explosion, but also full of stamina".

In addition, the 39.6kW·h ternary lithium flat battery+85kW DC fast charge, so that the LEICK 08 "has no worries about electricity use", and it can really charge for half an hour and commute for a week, even at MINUS 20℃. Linke 08 can also be transformed into an "energy fortress", which can provide more than 200kW·h of electricity when it is full of oil and electricity, and realize the freedom of electricity use; At the same time, it is equipped with 3.3kW external discharge function, which can be externally connected with various plug-in equipment, and can easily cope with various outdoor power occasions.

Thanks to CMA Evo’s stronger bandwidth capacity and flatter motorized chassis, the Lectra 08 has a wheelbase of 2,848mm, a car width of 1,915mm and a rear legroom of 935mm, which can be freely stretched regardless of the front and rear rows. The spacious space, combined with the advanced configuration such as the main driver’s independent headrest speaker and shallow seat, can realize the cross-border experience enjoyed by all seats.

While enhancing the breadth of the interior space, Linke 08 pays more attention to the details to let users feel the space temperature, and integrates advanced technologies such as natural air conditioning, streamer ambient light and Harman Kardon 23 speaker to create a zero-pressure lounge, which enhances the security, comfort and pleasure of intelligent interaction and brings users the most atmospheric "third space".

Today, with no intelligence and no electricity, Linke 08 relies on the new electronic and electrical architecture to open up the cockpit domain and the intelligent driving domain, bringing a highly customized, personalized and cross-terminal brand-new intelligent experience. Antola 1000 Pro computing platform+LYNK Flyme Auto’s "King-Bomb Combination" and the super-strength of NPU 16TOPS(int8) and GPU 1800G(FLOPS) make the cockpit experience of LINKE 08 start with the ceiling, creating a super unbounded ecology of real "handcart interconnection".

In addition, Linke 08 is also the first mass-produced car in The Next Day design language, which crosses the boundary between automobile intelligence and aesthetics and creates a new realm of urban opposing aesthetics. The 92-inch unbounded AR-HUD and other industries pioneered the use of pioneer technology, fully demonstrating the perfect integration of technology and design, and leading the aesthetic trend of smart cars with the beauty of technology.

Link’s new energy strategy, charged evolution, continues to change mobile travel.

Since its establishment seven years ago, the brand has always adhered to the brand spirit of "challenging convention" and continuously changed mobile travel; With the trend of "not just cars", it resonates with users around the world on the same frequency. At present, there are more than 860,000 car owners and users. "Link" is no longer just synonymous with a car and a brand, but a way of life and an expression of personality spirit.

Facing the wave of new energy travel reform with unlimited imagination, Linke insists on being the leader of the industry, not the follower of competitors. We will evolve smart electricity into a new track, meet the diverse needs of users through a variety of energy solutions, let travel get rid of dependence on a single energy source, and let users not be anxious, uncompromising and entangled!

The hybrid layout of Lectra has a long history. As early as 2018, Lectra has launched hybrid models. In June, 2022, LINKE smart electric hybrid Lynk E-Motive came from electric power, which provided users with a safe, interesting and anxiety-free optimal solution of new energy, and also opened the fast-forward mode of LINKE in the new energy market. At the Shanghai Auto Show, Lectra took Lectra EM-P super extended-range electric scheme as its new strength and Lectra 08 as its new carrier, which opened a new chapter in the brand’s strategy of accelerating the transformation of new energy in an all-round way.

As Lin Jie, general manager of Linke Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. said: "Linke is serious about growing up with users. We respect the personality of users, provide users with more new energy travel modes, and continuously change mobile travel to make people love travel more! "

Enjoy what you want, not just the car. In addition to the rich array of electrified products, Linke has prepared a highly immersive and trendy exhibition experience for the audience of Shanghai Auto Show, leading the way with young users. At the Lectra booth, you can not only intuitively understand the technical advantages of Lectra’s intelligent electric hybrid multi-scene through the VR equipment in the Co:VR experience area, but also experience the powerful control brought by the Lectra race genes in the WTCR racing simulation area. I look forward to more friends punching in at the Lectra booth in the 6.1H Hall, ordering a Lectra 08 special drink, and personally feeling the new energy products brought by the Lectra brand with "electricity" and the new trend charm of "not just cars"!

Wuling Hongguang MINIEV is hot in the electric vehicle market, so can the car stand the "test" of high temperature in summer? Let’s take Wuling Hongguang MINIEV 2022 macaroon Zhenxiang Ferrous lithium phosphate as an example. Let’s take a look.

Test model: Wuling Hongguang MINIEV 2022 macaroon Zhenxiang Ferrous lithium phosphate.

Test temperature: 40 degrees to 49 degrees outdoors.

The maximum speed of this car is 100km/h, and during the speed test, the car starts relatively fast and accelerates to the rear, and it takes a long time to complete the journey from 50km/h to 100km/h, and the measured maximum speed of the car can reach 101.31km/h, which is basically consistent with the official results.

During the high-temperature continuous acceleration test, the test interval is 1 minute, and the acceleration lasts for 10 times. The shortest measured acceleration time of 100 kilometers is 21.84 seconds, and the motor performance is not obviously attenuated.

So what is the reliability performance of the battery at high temperature? The car is verified by high temperature endurance and fast charging ability. Before the high-temperature endurance test, the air conditioning temperature was set to 24 degrees, the automatic mode, the driving mode was adjusted to the economic mode, and the kinetic energy recovery was the strongest. The car completed the endurance test at an average speed of 80 km/h. Under the high-temperature and high-speed working conditions, the measured cruising range of this car was 113.6km/h, and the pure electric cruising range of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology was 170km, with a cruising achievement rate of 66.8% and a high cruising achievement rate.

It is worth mentioning that the endurance test went to zero, and the tire pressure of the vehicle began to alarm. After the test, the measured tire pressure values were all normal, which was judged as accidental failure. At high temperature, the driving quality of the car performed well.

During the high-temperature charging test, the AC slow charging pile with power of 7kW was used. The high-temperature charging test of this Wuling Hongguang MINIEV was stable. It took 596 minutes to fully charge and charged 15.7kWh of electricity. There was no abnormality during the slow charging process, which was basically consistent with the official slow charging of 9 hours.

When parking in summer, exposure is indispensable. When Wuling Hongguang MINIEV is baked at a high temperature above 40 degrees for more than 2 hours, the temperature inside the car reaches about 56 degrees. In the area where the car is in direct contact with the human body, the average temperature reaches over 68 degrees. The hottest place inside the car is under the windshield, and the temperature is 82.5 degrees. This car is equipped with a fabric seat, which is not as hot as a leather seat, and the glass is isolated from ultraviolet rays and infrared rays.

In fact, riders are more concerned about the cooling capacity of the air conditioner and the ability to quickly cool down inside the car after parking outdoors. After exposure, the air conditioner of this Wuling Hongguang MINIEV was adjusted to the strongest cooling mode. After half an hour, the temperature inside the car dropped to 30.7 degrees, and the cooling capacity of the air conditioner performed well. At the same time, in the first 10 minutes, the air conditioner can reduce the temperature inside the car to 11 degrees, which is more competitive than that of the same class.

Generally speaking, the motor performance of this Wuling Hongguang MINIEV model is not obviously attenuated in summer, and the battery performance of the car is stable. The cooling capacity of the car air conditioner and the ability to quickly cool down the car are more competitive, and the quality of the car is good, which has withstood the high temperature test.

(Note: The above data refer to the summer measurement data of Chedi New Energy.)

Welcome to Autohome Changsha Promotions, we bring you the latest promotions for the model. At present, this luxury car is going through a strong price reduction promotion in Changsha market, with the highest discount reaching an astonishing 119,700 yuan. The starting price has been adjusted to a very competitive 194,800 yuan. If you are interested in Jaguar XEL, be sure to seize this rare opportunity and click the "Check Car Price" button in the quotation form to get more specific preferential policies and the best car purchase price.

With its sophisticated exterior design, the Jaguar XEL presents an elegant and dynamic temperament. The front face features the iconic leopard-eye headlights of the Jaguar family, and with a unique air intake grille, it is like a cheetah ready to go, showing both a sense of power and elegance. The overall style blends luxury and sports, with smooth lines and harmonious body proportions, giving a great visual impact.

With its elegant body design, the Jaguar XEL presents a streamlined side profile. Measured 4778mm*1850mm*1429mm and with a wheelbase of 2935mm, this combination of dimensions not only guarantees a spacious interior, but also gives the vehicle a unique dynamic posture. The precise layout of the front and rear wheelbases of 1598mm provides a solid foundation for driving stability. The tire size is 225/45 R18, and the delicate wheel design together outline a visual effect that combines power and aesthetics, making the Jaguar XEL more dynamic and personal on the road.

The interior design of the Jaguar XEL highlights the fusion of luxury and sophistication. The exquisite leather steering wheel provides an excellent grip, supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustment, so that the driver has a comfortable control experience. The 10.2-inch central control screen has a clear display, integrates multimedia systems, navigation and phone functions, and meets the convenient needs of daily driving. The seats are made of imitation leather, which not only feels comfortable to the touch, but the front seats are also equipped with heating function to ensure comfort during long-distance driving. Whether the driver or the passenger can feel the combination of elegance and technology in the interior of the Jaguar XEL.

The Jaguar XEL is equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 184 kilowatts and a peak torque of 365 Nm, which can bring a lot of power output to the driver. Equipped with 250 horsepower, this engine provides the vehicle with efficient performance. It is matched with an 8-speed automatic transmission, which further enhances the driving flexibility and comfort.

In the Autohome owner’s sharing, he was full of praise for the Jaguar XEL. Despite the budget constraints, he was very satisfied with the driving experience and overall performance of the XEL. He said that the XEL’s appearance and power are impeccable, and it even performs particularly well in the same class. The final car purchase decision also reflects his recognition of the charm of the Jaguar brand. As he said: "Handsome is very important", which is undoubtedly the key factor for the Jaguar XEL to win his favor.

　　"Hurricane" will be broadcast tonight. This is a plot with a criminal investigation theme, and it is also the struggle between the police and the evil forces that everyone is familiar with. So, how is the drama updated? The following editor will introduce it.

　　The TV series "Hurricane" went LIVE today, telling the story of the struggle between the police and the evil forces. The official has released a drama-chasing calendar, with 5 episodes updated on the first day of membership, and 2 episodes updated daily. On January 21 and January 22, a total of 39 episodes were stopped, and the conclusion was on February 1.

　　The drama calendar is as follows:

　　From the drama calendar, we can see that the years 2000, 2006, and 2021 span a total of more than 20 years, which is a very long time span and poses a major challenge to the actors’ acting skills.

　　"Hurricane" update schedule

　　The show has a total of 39 episodes, and the specific update time is as follows:

　　January 14: Episodes 1-5

　　January 15: Episodes 6-7

　　January 16: Episodes 8-9

　　January 17: Episodes 10-11

　　January 18: Episodes 12-13

　　January 19: Episodes 14-15

　　January 20: Episodes 16-17

　　January 23: Episodes 18-19

　　January 24: Episodes 20-21

　　January 25: Episodes 22-23

　　January 26: Episodes 24-25

　　January 27: Episodes 26-27

　　January 28: Episodes 28-29

　　January 29: Episodes 30-31

　　January 30: Episodes 32-33

　　January 31: Episodes 34-35

　　February 1: Episodes 36-37

　　February 2: Episodes 38-39

　　Synopsis:

　　In 2000, the high-spirited criminal police An Xin (played by Zhang Yi) met the bullied fishmonger Gao Qiqiang (played by Zhang Songwen), and then as Gao Qiqiang gradually deviated from the right path, An Xin realized that behind the social development of Jinghai City was the undercurrent of evil forces led by the Gao brothers. The two parted ways and launched a 20-year battle between good and evil. In 2021, in the context of the normalization of anti-crime and anti-evil across the country, the central supervision group thunder attacked, and An Xin cooperated with the task force to thoroughly investigate the criminal gang of Qiangsheng Group and the umbrella company behind it. Finally, Jinghai City was able to clear the clouds and see the wind and righteousness.

　　In the play, the black boss is named Gao Qiqiang, played by Zhang Songwen. This person was actually just a humble vegetable vendor before he went bad and got rich.

　　Dressed in tattered clothes, his hair was dirty and curled, and his slovenly appearance was pitiful enough, but there were even more pitiful ones. At that time, a woman could slap him in the ear in front of everyone, so there was no face for a man.

　　In order not to be helpless, he actually fell to the knees of Uncle Qin, a leading figure in the underworld played by Ni Dahong who was not much older than him at his age, and was willing to recognize his godfather as his son.

　　With a backer, Gao Qiqiang began to rise. Within a year, his identity achieved a triple jump, and step by step, he became the biggest cancer in Jinghai City.

　　But his underworld fortune process is not no one’s attention, from the beginning of Zhang Yi played a small police officer Anxin and its contest, how nai Gao Qi strong behind the umbrella company, Anxin not only failed to bring Gao Qiqiang to justice, but also continue to be hit by the umbrella company.

　　In addition to the police fighting against Gao Qiqiang, the people were also constantly reporting him, but they were all stopped layer by layer.