分类： sangna

2018 marks the 60th anniversary of the National People’s Congress’s approval and promulgation of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. In fact, it has been more than 400 years since Latin alphabet was used to phonetic Chinese characters.

Before the birth of hanyu pinyin, in order to promote the communication between the East and the West, Chinese character reformers have conducted in-depth research and formulated many influential Latin schemes for Chinese characters in order to popularize education and reduce illiteracy rate. These phonetic schemes also have a great influence on the phonetic schemes of modern Chinese (Putonghua).

Topic of this issue:Xu Chunwei is a private history columnist in The Paper and a columnist in Netease history.

Member of Literature and History Committee of zhenhai district CPPCC in Ningbo, member of Ningbo Local Records Society. The academic representative of the 8th and 9th International Symposium on Wu Dialect submitted a research paper on Ningbo Dialect with phonetic notation and Wittoma Pinyin, and was the first person to deduce the dialect phonology of Huaying Dictionary in Wu dialect circle.

If you are interested in the history of Chinese Pinyin (Latin Chinese characters) and the history of Chinese Pinyin literature, please click here to participate in the topic interaction.

▍When and who invented Chinese Pinyin?

Auspicious and elegant:Hello! When did Chinese Pinyin come into being? Who invented it?

Xu Chunwei:Chinese Pinyin in a broad sense dates back to the end of Ming Dynasty.

In 1605, Italian Matteo Ricci used Latin characters to annotate Chinese characters in his book, The Miracle of Western Characters.

In 1625, Jinnige, who was then Belgium, improved the pinyin scheme on his basis and wrote "Western Confucianism’s Eyes and Eyes". Their pinyin scheme is called "Li-Jin" scheme. However, this plan has basically no impact on future generations. The first semi-official scheme in China and the first standard transliteration of Chinese characters in the world is "Weituo Code-Zhai Lisi Style".

In 1867, the English sinologist Wiltoma’s Chinese textbook "Language Self-Collection" was born. The established symbol is Zhai Lisi’s first edition of Hua Ying Dictionary in 1892.

In the spring of 1906, a joint conference of imperial posts and telecommunications was held in Shanghai, and it was decided to take the spelling of Huaying Dictionary as the spelling basis of China place names standard. Just to meet the needs of telegraphy, it does not use any additional symbols (such as aspirated symbols, etc.). It is called "postal" pinyin, which is a variant of Wei pinyin.

In 1913, the Beiyang government held a pronunciation unification meeting, at which Ma Yuzao proposed to use the unique Chinese characters of his teacher Zhang Taiyan as a spelling tool. In 1918, the Ministry of Education revised and published it on the basis of Zhang Taiyan, which was the first official phonetic notation in China. The first Latin scheme designed by ourselves in China was the Romanization of Mandarin issued by Liu Fu, Qian Xuantong, li jinxi, Zhao Yuanren, Lin Yutang and Wang Yi in 1928 through the Ministry of Education.

In addition, in the late 1920s, the Chinese people began to form a movement of Latinized New Characters, with Qu Qiubai, Fang Shan, Ni Haishu and others as the main figures. Qu Qiubai’s Latinized New Characters of Northern Dialect laid the foundation for modern Chinese Pinyin, and they are highly consistent.

Chinese Pinyin in a narrow sense is the Pinyin in 1958.

It was decided by Chairman Mao and worked out collectively by hundreds of people headed by Wu Yuzhang. But there are also several key technical figures. From April 1956 to October 1957, 10 meetings were held to discuss and revise the Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft). There are three revised drafts: the first revised draft proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and li jinxi, and several personal revised drafts proposed by Ding Xilin, Lin Handa, Wei Yun and li jinxi, among which Lin Handa’s draft is the second revised draft. It can be said that Chinese Pinyin is a cultural achievement formed in hundreds of years. Modern Chinese Pinyin is the collective achievement of the above-mentioned people.

Sanmao’s long skirt: Why are there symbols like Japanese in the dictionary, and do those characters still have practical significance now?

Xu Chunwei: This is the phonetic serial number invented by Zhang Taiyan, and he was inspired by Japanese pseudonyms. Phonetic symbols are also part of Chinese characters, which are homologous to pseudonyms and are essentially semi-syllabic characters.

In 1913, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang government held a "pronunciation unification meeting". Ma Yuzao, the son of Zhangmen, proposed to use his teacher’s unique Chinese characters as phonetic symbols. Due to the large number of children of Zhangmen, the proposal was passed. In 1918, the Ministry of Education officially announced that it was named "Zhuyin Letter". In 1930, Wu Zhihui proposed to change its name to "Zhuyin Symbol". In 1958, when determining the scheme of modern Chinese Pinyin, there was a debate in China about whether the national alphabet (phonetic symbols) is better or the Latin alphabet (Chinese Pinyin). The conclusion is that the latter is convenient for international communication. Now only a few reference books, such as dictionaries, can see phonetic symbols.

Superman of the florist:I remember when I was a child, I learned "Ah, guess what, alas, my husband should …" But I don’t know what it is. None of my classmates have heard it now. Is it because of my dialect (northerner), or is there a mistake in my memory?

Xu Chunwei:Hello, now read the sound generally. What you have learned is the name sound. The pronunciation of vowels is the local sound. The name sound refers to the address of Chinese phonetic alphabet. The alphabetical reading in "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" is to read with the name sound. Chinese phonetic alphabet is not only used for pinyin of syllables’ initials and finals, but also has the functions of sorting and searching. If the letters have no names, it is inconvenient to call them. There are 26 letters in the alphabet of Hanyu Pinyin Scheme, and each letter has a name sound. The determination of the sound value of the name sound stipulates that the name sound of a vowel letter is served by its local sound, and if a vowel letter has several local sounds, the main pronunciation is used as the name sound; The name sound of consonant letters is composed of vowels before or after the local sound (y w is a sound-proof letter, and there is no local sound, so the name sound is set separately). Specifically, whether to add before or after, what vowels to add, and how many vowels to add, we should follow international habits and consider the difference of names. According to the list of Chinese phonetic alphabets, the name sounds of the 26 Chinese phonetic alphabets in "Chinese phonetic scheme" are: a b ê c ê d ê e ê f g ê ha i ji; e kê êl êm nê o pê qiu ar ês tê u vê wa xi ya zê。

WLM：Shanxi and Shaanxi, how to distinguish with pinyin?

Xu Chunwei:Generally, it is solved by tone-marking, shǎnxī Shā nx: and Shaanxi Sh: nx:. However, there is generally no tone on local famous brands or in foreign language books. Therefore, shaanxi is now spelled Shaanxi when it is used as a place name. This treatment is not unreasonable, but an old pinyin scheme "Mandarin Roman characters" is used. Mandarin Roman characters express tones by adding or changing letters, and an rhyme is flat an, flat arn, rising aan and falling ann. Regarding the Romance of Mandarin, we can read the article "Romance of Mandarin, the Failed Attempt of the Elite to Rebuild Civilization" in "The Paper Private History".

Bouquet with Jun:What Pinyin schemes in previous Pinyin documents have been referenced in the formulation of Chinese Pinyin schemes?

Xu Chunwei:The tone of Chinese Pinyin comes from the phonetic symbols set by the pronunciation unification meeting. The initial consonant and the final vowel are partly derived from the Romance, the national language of Guoluo School in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Latin new characters of Qu Qiubai’s northern dialect. The Latinized New Characters of Northern Dialect are the closest to Chinese Pinyin.

Liang Liang:Hello, can you recommend books on this subject? I’m interested!

Xu Chunwei:The history of Chinese Pinyin since the 20th century can be seen in Hundred Years of Chinese by Japanese scholars Ishikawa Kan and Komatsu Lan, published by Shanghai Education Press. Personally, I think it is a more detailed history of Chinese Pinyin and Chinese Standard Phonetic. Before the 20th century, you can see the life stories of Matteo Ricci, Jinnige, Ding Weiliang, wade and Zhai Lisi. You can also look at the works of the parties involved in Chinese Pinyin, such as li jinxi and Zhao Yuanren of Guoluo School, Qu Qiubai, Fang Shan, Ye Laishi and others who Latin new characters.

A New Latin Writing Scheme for Northern Dialect

▍Are Pinyin still used in other Chinese-speaking areas?

Peng you:Is our Chinese Pinyin more mature than that used in other areas? For example, Taiwan Province’s Pinyin "Zheng" and "cheng" both use Cheng, but they read the same as Mandarin, but the Chinese Pinyin "zh" can be accurately distinguished.

Xu Chunwei:What you mentioned is not Taiwan Province Pinyin, but postal Pinyin, a variant of Weituo Code-Zhai Lisi Pinyin. Wei tuo code pinyin is divided into cheng and ch’eng. In the spring of 1906, a joint conference of imperial posts and telecommunications was held in Shanghai. The meeting decided to unify and standardize the Latin alphabet spelling of place names in China, and decided to basically take the Latin alphabet spelling in the first edition of Huaying Dictionary compiled by Zhai Lisi as the basis. Just to meet the needs of telegraphy, the meeting decided not to use any additional symbols (such as aspirated symbols, etc.), which is called postal pinyin and a variant of Wei pinyin. Zhao Yuanren complained that postal pinyin led to the separation of Changzhou and Zhangzhou, both of which were Changchow. Wei Tuoma Pinyin (postal Pinyin) was the international standard for Latin transliteration of Chinese characters in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The Roman characters, the national language of Nanjing government, have been unable to compete and almost disappeared. In addition to Wittig Pinyin, there are also Chinese romanization, universal Pinyin and Chinese Pinyin in mainland China in Taiwan Province. Except for the Universal Pinyin, which was made by Taiwan Province authorities, the rest were not designed by Taiwan Province.

Students are interested in learning pinyin.

▍Do dialects still have meaning?

qquser：Why not use the letter "V" in Chinese Pinyin?

Xu Chunwei:The phonetic symbol has a V, and the symbol is "ten thousand". Because the old national voice is an artificial language that gathers the north and the south, phonetic symbols attach great importance to "leap sound", that is, dialect sound.

The "Wu" in its initials means "ng", "Guang" means "gn", and "Wan" means "V" is taken from the southern dialect to spell "leap". It also has a voiced mark. However, after the dispute between Beijing and China, Beijing sound was adopted as the national sound. Since there are no initials in Beijing dialect, these symbols are useless and have been cancelled. Now there are V initials in the phonetic symbols in Xinhua Dictionary. Specifically, we can see the article "Romance in Mandarin, the failed attempt of elite to rebuild civilization" in The Paper’s private history.

But the Chinese flowering crabapple still:Hello, teacher! I would like to ask, what is the advantage of phonetic notation with Latin letters over other phonetic notation methods?

Xu Chunwei:First of all, the cost is low, and only 26 letters are used to express all syllable combinations (actually, Chinese pinyin has not used V). The second is to facilitate international exchanges. In 1958, when determining the scheme of modern Chinese Pinyin, there was a debate in China about whether the national alphabet (phonetic symbols) is better or the Latin alphabet (Chinese Pinyin). The conclusion is that the latter is convenient for international communication. Now only a few reference books, such as dictionaries, can see phonetic symbols. After the abolition of Chinese characters on the Korean peninsula, proverbs were used instead. Proverbs are actually pinyin characters, so they should be translated into Latin letters for foreign communication.

dalen6：What influence does the popularity of Putonghua have on dialects, and how to protect our dialects?

Xu Chunwei:Because there is no standard for dialects, many dialect words will be mispronounced by Putonghua. For example, the "WeChat" in Ningbo dialect where the subject is located should be vixin, and now many people pronounce it ueixin. Therefore, dialects also need education and standards. As far as I know, some primary schools in Ningbo and Shanghai already have local dialect courses.

▍Is it possible to abolish Chinese characters and replace them with Pinyin?

Bear:The reverse phonetic notation in Kangxi Dictionary didn’t have Chinese Pinyin at that time, so how to get the pronunciation of the upper word and rhyme of the lower word?

Xu Chunwei:That is the anti-tangent of the middle ancient sound. However, many dialects cannot be spelled with anti-tangent because of the relationship between ancient and modern sound changes. For example, you can’t cut out Mandarin (Beijing dialect) and Cantonese. In addition, there is still the problem that Chinese characters must be learned to learn anti-tangent, and the education cost is too high. Pinyin does not have this problem.

Zhang Yuyao:Hello, teacher, what harm will it do if pinyin is used instead of words?

Xu Chunwei:There are so many homophones in modern Chinese (Putonghua) that we can imagine the consequences of abolishing Chinese characters according to the present situation of the Korean Peninsula. Take the sudo syllable in Korean as an example, the corresponding words are "granting ferry", "rice" and "monasticism", etc. They don’t know what it means without corresponding context. South Korea later discovered the disadvantages of pinyin and had to add Chinese characters to its ID card, otherwise the rate of duplicate names would be extremely high. Mandarin has the same problem, especially when it comes to homophones with "all" and "none" but completely opposite meanings, it will increase the possibility of misunderstanding and communication costs without using Chinese characters to express their meanings.

Peng you:Since modern times, people have been proposing to abolish Chinese characters and replace them with pinyin. What do you think?

Xu Chunwei:There are so many homophones in modern Chinese (Putonghua) that we can refer to the present situation of the Korean Peninsula after abolishing Chinese characters. In particular, when encountering homophones such as "all" and "none", the possibility of misunderstanding and communication cost will increase without using Chinese characters to express meaning. South Korea later discovered the disadvantages of pinyin and had to add Chinese characters to its ID card, otherwise the rate of duplicate names would be extremely high. By the way, the real name of Lin Run Yun, a famous Korean artist in her girlhood, is written like this; Because people who didn’t understand the original translation didn’t understand the pronunciation of Korean characters, they mistakenly wrote Lim Yoon A.

Guang Zhouta’s English name Canton Tower follows the traditional spelling.

Only its meaning is exhausted:Hello, teacher. Can you pronounce the vowels ui and iu as uei and iou? Then why write it as ui and iu?

Xu Chunwei:Simple is for the sake of simple treatment, but this treatment is not without basis. Uei, iou, and another uen, the vowel in the middle will be weakened.

imshunshun：Hello, teacher! I have three questions. First, since Pinyin came into being in the late Ming Dynasty, why is Mr. Zhou Youguang known as the father of Chinese Pinyin? Secondly, some people think that the current pinyin is anti-Chinese, because pinyin uses letters and Chinese characters are hieroglyphics. What do you think of this? Third, how to correctly evaluate the pinyin system we use now? thank you

Xu Chunwei:The first problem is caused by some media. You can read my previous answer, the names of the main designers and participants of Chinese Pinyin. The second question is, in fact, there have been national alphabet forms in China, that is, phonetic symbols changed from Chinese radicals. Invented by Zhang Taiyan, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang government improved the publication on his basis. However, in 1958, when we established Chinese Pinyin, we thought that Latin alphabet was convenient for international communication, so we used Latin alphabet. The third question, personally, is really not easy to use. There is no phonetic notation in Beijing dialect, while English, French and other western languages and Japanese are voiced. Using voiced symbols B, D and G to represent unvoiced sounds [P] [T] [K] will easily lead to mispronunciations by westerners, and it will also make people in China mispronounce foreign languages. The reason why Chinese Pinyin is handled this way is that Pinyin is for the convenience of learning, not for foreigners.

Fuzhou Radio and Television Station, under the management of the Propaganda Department of Fuzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a department-level institution that implements enterprise management. There are 18 departments under the jurisdiction of Taiwan, and Fuzhou Radio and Television Media Group Co., Ltd. is wholly established, with more than 800 employees in Taiwan.

Fuzhou Radio and Television Station is the most authoritative and influential radio and television media in Fuzhou. Among them, the radio station has four frequencies: news broadcast (FM94.4), music channel (FM89.3), voice of traffic (FM87.6) and voice of Zuohai (FM90.1). The TV station has five channels: news integration, film and television, life, children and family shopping. At the same time, it also owns Cultural Life Newspaper and Fuzhou Pearl Network. In recent years, Taiwan has cultivated a number of radio and television brand columns with high ratings, such as Fuzhou News, News 110, Pan Lecture, Fa Yan, Liaozhai Night Talk, Life Zero Distance and Political Style Hotline.

In terms of technical equipment, Taiwan currently has Beifeng radio and television transmitting station, TV news media information system, Typhoon satellite live broadcast system, more than 10 TV studios (rooms) of 100-1,000 square meters, and 3 HDTV broadcast vans and satellite interview live broadcast vans. At present, the TV HD channel broadcast building is under construction, which basically realizes the digitalization and networking of radio and television editing and broadcasting technical equipment.

For the 71-year-old Xu Chuanyao,

This Mid-Autumn Festival just passed.

It is the "most reunion" Mid-Autumn Festival.

September 10th.

Mid-Autumn Festival

Xu Chuanyao, son of Xu Jinyi, a martyr to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

On this day, I received a portrait of my father.

Look at the portrait

The old man cried, and he said:

"This is the most reunion Mid-Autumn Festival for our family in 70 years."

55 days before Xu Chuanyao was born

Father signed up for the army.

Until the sacrifice, father and son also failed to meet.

recent days

With the help of the local Veterans Affairs Bureau and caring people

Xu Chuanyao finally "saw" his father.

"Looking forward to more than 70 years, we finally met."

Time will pass, but the memory will last forever.

Handover of portraits

Like a delivery across time and space.

Let those names that once shone in the long river of history "fall to the roots"

Lin Yuhui

Known as the "magic pen detective"

Volunteer to paint portraits of martyrs after retirement.

In order to make up for the lack of image data

Lin Yuhui can only get material through a large number of visits.

Over the past few years, he has traveled through more than a dozen provinces.

Interviewed witnesses of more than 400 martyrs.

I often go to remote villages to look for them.

The more clients you contact,

The more stories Lin Yuhui learned about martyrs.

Portrait is remembered, and the spirit is passed on.

Lin Yuhui said.

"This meaningful work deserves more people to do and do it for a long time."

1953

Sun Ruchang, only 19 years old, died in the battlefield to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

Didn’t even leave a photo.

This has become a special regret in the hearts of relatives

His family found Lin Yuhui, an expert in simulated portraits.

I hope to draw a picture of Sun Ruchang.

As a memory

When the family saw the portrait.

Say in unison: "Like, very like …"

The "reunion" 68 years late has finally come true.

"Very well painted, thank you!"

recent days

Volunteers from teachers and students of Anhui Normal University Academy of Fine Arts

Painted portrait of revolutionary martyrs in Zhoujingpu village

Children’s Picture Book of Yimeng Revolutionary Story

Delivered to lanshan district, Linyi City, Shandong Province

The staff of the local authorities called to thank you.

Students from the Academy of Fine Arts of Anhui Normal University are painting martyrs. Photo by Wang Wei

it is reported

Since November 2021,

The college carried out the relay.

"Portrait of a hundred martyrs"

"Dream of a martyr’s family-pay tribute to the most lovely person" and so on.

Series of voluntary activities

By consulting the materials of martyrs and listening to the descriptions of their descendants, young volunteers

Restore the face of martyrs with the brush in your hand

Help relatives of martyrs "meet" with martyrs.

It also makes a touching heroic story come from history.

Students in this college have used brushes to restore.

Chinese people’s Volunteer Army’s special hero

First-class combat hero Wang style of study

Wearing a military uniform before his death

Wang Fashun, nephew of Wang Xuefeng, said:

"We’ve been looking forward to it all our lives,

Uncle is finally no longer just a brief introduction to the martyr’s certificate.

And with a more vivid image. "

In June this year,

The college is connected with Linyi City.

Portraits of 10 martyrs in Zhoujingpu Village, Yitang Town, lanshan district

"I’m in!" "I will also participate!"

One teacher and one student came forward.

Soon, the volunteer team assembled.

so far

The college has organized more than 10 volunteer activities.

Completed 52 portraits of martyrs.

Praised by the families of martyrs

See the words like a face, and feel at home when you see a face.

In the portrait, the heroic eyes are still clear.

Pay tribute to and cherish the memory!

Many letters have been lost. Those letters that have never been sent are scattered on various pieces of paper. Lu Fengxia sorted out the letters that could still be found and copied them in a notebook, a total of 14 letters.

On the road of finding children for 35 years, disappointment and pain that can’t be solved again and again are in my heart. In the dead of night, Lu Fengxia, who didn’t read much, didn’t know who to tell, so she spread out the paper and wrote it down crooked.

"Looking at WeChat in the middle of the night, I noticed that Guo Zhen found it. It’s great news. I’m really excited. The 24-year search for children is over, drawing a satisfactory full stop.Alas, I’ve been looking for my son for 35 years, and I’ve eaten all the hardships in the world, and I’ll continue to look for my son …"

This is Lu Fengxia’s latest letter to his son. The signature is July 13th.

She saw the news on her mobile phone, and the prototype Guo Gangtang, the hero of the movie Lonely Lost, found her son Guo Zhen who had been lost for 24 years. In order to find his son, Guo Gangtang rode a motorcycle, traveling more than 500,000 kilometers in 24 years, sleeping in the wind and eating, and running around day and night. In 2015, The Lost Orphan starring Andy Lau was released, which aroused great social repercussions.

On July 15th, 58-year-old Lu Fengxia sat on the sofa in an old residential building in Zaozi Lane, Chengdu, facing an interview with a red star journalist, and her tears could not stop flowing. Outside the window, the rain was scratching, and her husband stood beside him, silent …

In order to find her son, Lu Fengxia made many posters.

"lost child"

Searching for children again and again is fruitless.

She had to write down her pain and thoughts.

In the winter of 1986, after her 1-year-old and 9-month-old son was lost in Santai County, Sichuan Province, Lu Fengxia, like Guo Gangtang, traveled all over China in the past 35 years.

It was particularly cold that winter, and it rained endlessly.

Lu Fengxia still remembers that she searched in the country with a deep foot and a shallow foot, and often fell into mud. She searched all the cities and towns near her hometown, and stayed at the railway station and bus station.

In the vast sea of people, her son disappeared from her life, and the originally calm, happy and hopeful family suddenly fell into a bottomless whirlpool.

"Zeng Wenhao was born on March 26th, 1985, on the sixth day of the second lunar month. On August 10, 1986, I took it back to my grandmother’s home in Santai County … My uncle was abducted and disappeared when he took it to the street to play. At about 3 pm on December 9, 1986, he was just one year old and nine months old. He still couldn’t speak, and he didn’t have a birthmark on his body, but there was a less obvious birthmark on his back. "

This is Lu Fengxia’s first letter to his son, dated January 26, 1987.

At that time, both husband and wife worked in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Her husband Zeng Hongwen worked in the geological team and Lu Fengxia worked in the shoe factory. The child has been raised by Lu Fengxia since she was born. She wants to earn more money by going to work, so that she can buy some nutrients for her children and add something new to her family at the end of the year. So, she sent the child back to her hometown in Santai County, Mianyang, and asked her grandmother to take care of it.

But more than three months later, my hometown sent a telegram: something happened to the doll.

After receiving the telegram, Lu Fengxia thought that the most serious situation was that the child was sick or had a car accident. The couple rushed back to Santai County from Liangshan Prefecture overnight. After learning that the child was lost, she was relieved. "Nothing, you can still find it …"

But this search is 35 years.

I searched the streets and alleys of Santai County, and I also searched the surrounding towns and cities. As time went by, the scope of search became larger and larger, going north to Shandong and south to Guangdong and Guizhou …

I went out to look for it again and again, and I was disappointed again and again. In the dead of night, she faced great pain and had nowhere to tell, so she found a piece of paper and began to write to her son.

Write a letter from Lu Fengxia to his son.

She wrote down her thoughts and guilt about her son and her pain and suffering. She doesn’t read much, and it’s hard to write, but she has no other way. She wants to write something to her son, or she just wants to express her pent-up pain.

It’s time for her son to go to primary school, middle school and college. She writes to her son.

I don’t know where these letters are sent, but they are left behind in the dust of time. Until last year, when she tidied up the room, she copied some of the letters she found in her notebook. She said that she would show her son when she found her son later.

Write a letter from Lu Fengxia to his son.

Xunzi

Learn to "rub hot spots" to expose yourself

Also become volunteers to help others reunite.

"I feel very heavy today, and I miss my son again. I have sent so much information, but there is no reply. Is this life missed? Mother don’t do (gan) heart … "

This letter was written on July 20, 2019.

On June 8 this year, the abduction office of the Criminal Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security made a live broadcast of Sichuan Suining Branch. Lu Fengxia and her husband Zeng Hongwen drove to the scene together. As a volunteer, Lu Fengxia helped a mother and son who had been separated for 31 years to reunite, and they were invited to participate in the activity.

Lu Fengxia and Zeng Hongwen wore T-shirts with information about their son’s disappearance and posters. Seeing other people’s mother and son know each other, Lu Fengxia also cried with joy. During the media interview, she quickly showed her son’s information, and when she talked about her son, tears came to her eyes.

In the face of inquiry, she took pains to tell the details of her son’s disappearance and the characteristics of her body. She frequently participates in all kinds of activities to find and recognize relatives. She is both a relative seeker and a volunteer.

Beginning in 2018, on the way to find her son, Lu Fengxia joined several volunteer teams to find relatives. There is no news from her son, but she has helped eight or nine separated families reunite with other volunteers.

She can’t miss any chance to find her son. In April this year, Brother Lamian Noodles in Shandong became popular on the Internet, and Lu Fengxia rushed to Brother Lamian Noodles’s home with several parents looking for relatives in order to "rub hot spots". Early in the morning, she began to "wait for the scene" to find the best position in order to increase the exposure under the lens of many media and network anchors.

Lu Fengxia has made many posters for seeking children.

Over the past 35 years, from posting searching for you on the streets and lanes, to looking for people in newspapers, radio and television, and now to WeChat, Weibo, Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker … Lu Fengxia has been constantly learning and using all available conditions to find her son.

She slept on the street, spent time in bridge opening, and met a liar. At the beginning of this year, a man who claimed to be suspected of her son often sent her messages in the middle of the night, and talked until late at night. Later, the other party asked her to send money to do DNA identification, and she transferred to 500 yuan to give it to the other party, but eventually it went away.

In order to facilitate the search for children, Zeng Hongwen bought an inexpensive off-road vehicle after retirement. When going out, the couple are often reluctant to stay in the hotel, and sometimes they spend the night in the car. 62-year-old Zeng Hongwen drove alone. Last time he went to Shandong to find "Brother Lamian Noodles", he left before dawn. When he was tired, he took a rest in the service area and then continued on his way.

The couple can’t say exactly how many places they have been, but what is certain is that they have traveled all over China.

"Where she decides to go, we will go, always leaving." Zeng Hongwen told the Red Star journalist that over the years, Lu Fengxia has been running around, and all he can do is silently support his wife and accompany him all the way.

Photo of Lu Fengxia’s son when he was a child

change

Never had a reunion dinner with my daughter.

I was once deadlocked with my mother-in-law.

The couple still live in the old house in the dormitory of the unit, with the ground floor and simple furnishings.

"If the son is not lost, this family should be different." Lu Fengxia often imagined how wonderful it would be for a family to reunite. Two years after the loss of their son, the couple gave birth to another daughter. But over the years, the family has never had a reunion dinner together and taken a family photo.

During the Chinese New Year, Lu Fengxia often goes to the nursing home to volunteer. She thinks that if she does more good deeds, she may be rewarded by the reunion of mother and son.

The family kept their mouths shut, and the daughter didn’t know from relatives that she had a lost brother until she was in middle school. She told the Red Star journalist that her mother always kept her under strict control, and her mother was always "stuck" where to go and when to go home.

When her husband goes to work, Lu Fengxia looks after her daughter alone. She wants her daughter to grow up in a normal family atmosphere, but obviously, it is difficult for her to do so. Every time she went out to look for her son, she quietly walked away and quietly returned. When my daughter was in high school, she once had a quarrel with her and suddenly asked her, "You only have your brother in your heart, so you want to find him."

Lu Fengxia suddenly froze. She was so sad that she didn’t know how to explain it to her daughter. She felt sorry for her daughter, didn’t take care of her wholeheartedly, and even couldn’t have a reunion dinner with her daughter because she couldn’t face the loss of her son.

Until the daughter got married and had children, one day she offered to help her mother send her brother’s information online and tell her how to use the internet to find it.

Lu Fengxia suddenly burst into tears, and she felt that her daughter finally understood herself.

"Mom is a capable and hard-working person." The daughter told the Red Star journalist that over the years, her parents have been looking for her brother, and she also wants to help her parents. "They have suffered so much and their strength is so weak."

After the loss of her son, Lu Fengxia quit her original job, doing odd jobs intermittently, setting up stalls, selling lunch boxes and fruits … just to find her son at any time. The family is under great economic pressure, and most of them are supported by Zeng Hongwen’s salary.

After having a daughter, she took care of her daughter wholeheartedly, but she didn’t get out of the pain of losing her son. She once complained that her mother-in-law did not do her duty, and her relationship with her mother-in-law was very stiff, and even she almost divorced her husband.

Later, she thought, to keep a complete family for her son, and she hoped that when his son came back, he would see that the family had a good life.

The summer after the child was lost, the child’s little uncle went to the river to take a bath and unfortunately drowned. The spirit of parents-in-law was hit hard again, and after a few years, they passed away with regret.

Lu Fengxia’s mental state has always been bad, and her life is in darkness, which she can’t face and can’t avoid. In addition to taking care of her daughter at home, she often doesn’t want to go out. Sometimes when she sees other children on the street, she will suddenly think of her son and get out of control.

In the suffering day after day, she had to convince herself to live well. She said, "I want my son to know that my mother has been waiting for him and looking for him."

keep watch

I firmly believe that miracles will happen to me.

"Son, mom wrote to you again."

On the evening of July 19th, a publicity campaign to find relatives and prevent abduction organized by Lu Fengxia was held in a community in Chengdu. The couple made careful preparations and rushed there with posters and video materials.

However, the weather was not beautiful, and it suddenly rained heavily in the middle, so the activity had to be suspended in advance.

"It’s so sad, sometimes it’s too difficult to do something." Lu Fengxia was helpless. The event was originally scheduled for the evening of July 16th, but it was moved to July 19th because of the rain.

Her mobile phone is always busy, and there are still many young people who are looking for relatives in reverse. These young people know the story of their abduction, but they don’t know where their biological parents are.They found Lu Fengxia, who became their bridge, and then fed back the information to various channels for finding relatives.

They call her "Mama Lu". Her heart was warm, and she said that she would be their mother for the time being. "These children are also suffering. I will return them to their biological parents when I succeed in recognizing my relatives." At present, "Mama Lu" has helped more than 100 children to complete blood collection and storage, some children have found their ancestral homes, and some children are successfully docking.

At home, she changed an aisle into a bedroom to facilitate the reception of visitors. Some foreign volunteers or relatives come to visit, and she always enthusiastically helps them to live at home.

She saw one separated family reunited, and she was more convinced that miracles would always happen to her. She said that her son must not know his life experience, and his adoptive parents didn’t tell him or gave him wrong information. She said that if her son knew, he would definitely come back for her.

Write a letter from Lu Fengxia to his son.

"Son, mom misses you so much. Today is 33 years since you left mom. It’s hard to express how much you miss your son … Son, mom wants you to live a safe and happy life. Although this life is missed, I pray for you every day. My mother is getting older and older, so it’s hard to write letters in the future. My eyes are not very good. I miss my son in my heart …"

This is a letter written by Lu Fengxia to his son on April 12, 2019.

Lu Fengxia said that after searching for a child for so many years, I sometimes feel desperate, but I will soon "recover." She said that she must look for it and can’t stop. That is the only choice to support herself in the future.

"Son, mom wrote to you again today. It will be soon this year …"

There is a letter that has not been finished. Lu Fengxia can’t remember when she wrote it. She has a lot to say to her son, and sometimes she doesn’t know where to start.

Original title: the real dispersion behind the Sichuan version of Loneliness: 35 years of searching for a son, 14 letters written by a mother to her son …

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　　Cctv newsOn February 3rd, the People’s Bank of China released the Statistical Report on Loan Investment of Financial Institutions in the Fourth Quarter of 2022. The details are as follows:

　　According to the statistics of the People’s Bank of China, at the end of 2022, the balance of RMB loans of financial institutions was 213.99 trillion yuan, up 11.1% year-on-year; In the whole year, RMB loans increased by 21.31 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.36 trillion yuan over the same period of last year.

　　First, loans from enterprises and institutions grew steadily, and the growth rate of medium and long-term loans increased more.

　　At the end of 2022, the loan balance of local and foreign currency enterprises and institutions was 139.36 trillion yuan, up by 13.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 0.5 percentage points higher than that at the end of the third quarter and 2.6 percentage points higher than that at the end of the previous year. The annual increase was 16.77 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.63 trillion yuan.

　　In terms of term, the balance of short-term loans and bill financing was 49.84 trillion yuan, up 13% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.5 percentage points lower than that at the end of the third quarter and 6.8 percentage points higher than that at the end of the previous year. The annual increase was 5.67 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.11 trillion yuan. The balance of medium and long-term loans was 86.23 trillion yuan, up 14.5% year-on-year, with the growth rate being 1.8 percentage points higher than that at the end of the third quarter and 0.5 percentage points higher than that at the end of the previous year. The annual increase was 11.05 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.81 trillion yuan over the same period of last year.

　　In terms of purposes, the balance of fixed assets loans was 58.37 trillion yuan, up 11.4% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.3 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. The balance of operating loans was 56.11 trillion yuan, up 12.7% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 2.9 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year.

　　Second, the growth rate of medium and long-term industrial loans has increased significantly.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of medium-and long-term loans in local and foreign currency industries was 17.06 trillion yuan, up 26.5% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 16.1 percentage points higher than that of various loans, 3.2 percentage points higher than that at the end of the third quarter and 3.9 percentage points higher than that at the end of the previous year. The annual increase was 3.61 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.12 trillion yuan over the same period of last year. Among them, the balance of medium and long-term loans for heavy industry was 14.55 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 25.5%, and the growth rate was 4 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year; The balance of medium and long-term loans for light industry was 2.51 trillion yuan, up 32.5% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 3.4 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of medium and long-term loans in local and foreign currency service industry was 55.59 trillion yuan, up by 11.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 0.2 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. The annual increase was 5.67 trillion yuan, an increase of 739.2 billion yuan. The balance of medium and long-term loans in the real estate industry increased by 4% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 4.5 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of medium and long-term loans in local and foreign currency infrastructure was 32.67 trillion yuan, up 13% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 2.3 percentage points lower than that at the end of last year. The annual increase was 3.8 trillion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 19.7 billion yuan.

　　III. Loans in inclusive finance maintained a relatively fast growth rate.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of RMB loans in inclusive finance was 32.14 trillion yuan, up 21.2% year-on-year, 10.1 percentage points higher than various loans and 2 percentage points lower than the end of last year; The annual increase was 5.64 trillion yuan, an increase of 625 billion yuan.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of Pratt & Whitney small and micro loans was 23.8 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 23.8%, and the growth rate was 3.5 percentage points lower than the end of last year; The annual increase was 4.59 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 454.9 billion yuan. The balance of loans for farmers’ production and operation was 7.83 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14.5%; The balance of business guarantee loans was 267.9 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14%; The balance of student loans was 178.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 21.6%.

　　By the end of 2022, the balance of loans for people out of poverty nationwide was 1.03 trillion yuan, up 13.1% year-on-year, with an annual increase of 119.5 billion yuan.

　　Fourth, green loans maintained rapid growth.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of green loans in local and foreign currencies was 22.03 trillion yuan, up 38.5% year-on-year, 5.5 percentage points higher than the end of last year, 28.1 percentage points higher than the growth rate of various loans, and the annual increase was 6.01 trillion yuan. Among them, loans to projects with direct and indirect carbon emission reduction benefits were 8.62 trillion yuan and 6.08 trillion yuan respectively, accounting for 66.7% of the total green loans.

　　In terms of purposes, the loan balances of green upgrading industry of infrastructure, clean energy industry and energy conservation and environmental protection industry were 9.82, 5.68 and 3.08 trillion yuan respectively, up by 32.8%, 34.9% and 59.1% respectively. In terms of industries, the balance of green loans in electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries was 5.62 trillion yuan, up 27.4% year-on-year, and increased by 1.15 trillion yuan for the whole year; The balance of green loans in transportation, warehousing and postal services was 4.58 trillion yuan, up 10.8% year-on-year, with an annual increase of 454.6 billion yuan.

　　V. The growth rate of agricultural loans continued to grow.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of agricultural loans in local and foreign currencies was 49.25 trillion yuan, up 14% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 3.1 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. The annual increase was 6.22 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.65 trillion yuan.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of rural (county and below) loans was 41.02 trillion yuan, up 13.5% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.4 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year. The annual increase was 5.03 trillion yuan, an increase of 873.4 billion yuan. The balance of farmers’ loans was 14.98 trillion yuan, up 11.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 2.8 percentage points lower than the end of last year. The annual increase was 1.56 trillion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 116.6 billion yuan. The balance of agricultural loans was 5.06 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.7%, and the growth rate was 3.6 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year; The annual increase was 498.8 billion yuan, an increase of 190.1 billion yuan.

　　6. The growth rate of real estate loans declined, while the growth rate of real estate development loans increased.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of RMB real estate loan 3 was 53.16 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 1.5%, which was 6.5 percentage points lower than the growth rate at the end of last year; The annual increase was 721.3 billion yuan, accounting for 3.4% of the increase in various loans during the same period.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of real estate development loans was 12.69 trillion yuan, up 3.7% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.5 percentage points higher than that at the end of the third quarter and 2.8 percentage points higher than that at the end of the previous year. The balance of individual housing loans was 38.8 trillion yuan, up 1.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 10 percentage points lower than that at the end of last year.

　　Seven, the growth rate of household operating loans continued to rise, and the growth rate of household consumption loans declined.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of domestic and foreign currency household loans was 74.94 trillion yuan, up 5.4% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.8 percentage points lower than that at the end of the third quarter and 7.1 percentage points lower than that at the end of the previous year. The annual increase was 3.83 trillion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 4.09 trillion yuan.

　　At the end of 2022, the balance of operating loans of local and foreign currency households was 18.9 trillion yuan, up 16.5% year-on-year, 0.4 percentage points higher than the end of the third quarter and 2.6 percentage points lower than the end of the previous year; The annual increase was 2.68 trillion yuan, an increase of 79.3 billion yuan. The balance of household consumer loans (excluding personal housing loans) was 17.25 trillion yuan, up 4.1% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.3 percentage points lower than that at the end of the third quarter and 5.4 percentage points lower than that at the end of the previous year; The annual increase was 675.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 764.6 billion yuan.

　　Cctv newsOn July 30th, the military parade in Zhu Rihe came to a successful conclusion.

　　In order to reflect the actual combat scene of the military parade on the battlefield, a thrilling military parade ceremony was presented to the off-screen audience. CCTV’s multiple channels and reporters collided with new forms of live broadcast, enabled new live broadcast equipment, and positioned a new angle of live broadcast, bringing a novel and three-dimensional live broadcast on the battlefield.

　　Before the start of the military parade, CCTV reporters boarded the helicopter and photographed the Zhu Rihe training camp over 200 meters. The largest military training base in Asia, photographed overhead, has neat camps and accessible roads, and all kinds of camouflage decorate the solemn military camp with calm joy.

　　At the scene of the parade platform, rows of uniform queues and armored vehicles reloaded, and they came one after another according to the assembly time and location. In the lens of CCTV reporters’ time-lapse photography, they are in a hurry, but they are not chaotic; Their task is arduous, but they take it easy.

　　When the parade was reviewed in turn, the "vanguard" flag-protecting parade held high party flag, the national flag and the military flag, and the motorcade slowly passed by the parade platform in five columns. Watching three red flags flying in the wind, the camera slowly zoomed up, hovering in the sky, watching the soldiers who protected the flag and the people’s red flag. This is the universal eagle-eye shooting technology adopted by CCTV reporters. By using the three-dimensional cableway camera, the camera can dive and shoot like an eagle, hovering at high altitude, free and smart, and using the 360-degree variety of high altitude, the panoramic view shows the heroic momentum of the parade.

　　When 36 helicopter echelons came from the air, the CCTV live camera at the front end of the fuselage recorded its flying posture in the air, and the fisheye camera at the helicopter landing ground recorded its steady landing pace. At the command of the console, an airborne soldier with live ammunition jumped off the helicopter and quickly formed a battle formation in the close-up shot in the fuselage.

　　When 22 99A main battle tanks independently developed by China, which enjoys the reputation of "king of land warfare", sailed to the parade platform in an "arrow" queue. On the parade track, the robot that sticks to the ground only 2 meters away from the team being read is not only a "clairvoyant ear" but also a "clairvoyant eye". It listens to the friction of the main battle tank track, and its sound is tough; It looked up at the main battle tanks passing by one by one, and Taishan topped it. It was really magnificent!

　　When the 28 ground teams under review leave the parade track, they will continue to move forward and make transitions on the sand track, and finally enter the parade square area. Just near this U-shaped bend, CCTV reporters hung a camera on a 32-meter-high fire telescopic boom, like a "giraffe camera", to have a panoramic view of the parade ground. I saw that armored vehicles drove into the sand road, and the flood of steel rolled up and billowed, and the desert was boundless and heroic.

　　In the land of China, the CCTV military parade is broadcast live on TV and the Internet! Domestic media have forwarded live CCTV videos and dynamic screenshots of military parade. CCTV live images occupy the main news reports of newspapers, TV stations, radio stations and websites such as People’s Daily, Dragon TV, Henan News Broadcasting and World Wide Web, and many media articles are "Super Burning Blockbuster!" "Magnificent!" "mighty and domineering!" "Shocking the lens!" … …

　　Around the world, national media also pay close attention to the live broadcast of military parade. Sputnik’s homepage report uses CCTV live images; The website of French News Channel links CCTV live address and inserts CCTV cut video when reporting, with the caption "Shanda! Celebrate! " ; Many Latin American media also quoted CCTV live pictures and reported them with articles; The advanced weapons and equipment of our army displayed in CCTV live broadcast have also been reported by American media such as American cable TV.

　　The live broadcast of Zhu Ri and the military parade was spread through multi-terminal and multi-screen, which was highly praised by TV viewers and netizens.

　　"This shot is very good and detailed, and it is very friendly to the audience who are interested but don’t know much about the military." The comment of netizen "tesseract" is very gentle. However, there are also unrestrained praises. The netizen "Schwaben’s ambiguity" said, "I must speak out loud, who directs, who shoots, who explains, who plays music, and who must, must, must, must add chicken legs! The picture is handsome, the switching is smooth, the explanation is in place, the soundtrack is appropriate, and the martial arts are domineering! "

　　The CCTV commentary on the live broadcast of the military parade also won the audience’s love. "When the strategic missile came out, CCTV explained that it was ‘ Shock the world ’ The live commentary made netizens "work hard and stick to _ Wei" quite excited. Another netizen "Ah 7mm_" said, "CCTV commentary is also very tough today!" When the commentary "Dongfeng Express, Mission Must Reach" appeared, the audience was amused. The netizen "Lan Jinjin Jinjin" said, "CCTV hosts are so fashionable!"

　　The message of the netizen "Silly and Silly Bookboy" is simple and most representative. "The 90th anniversary parade of the founding of the army broadcast by CCTV is so burning!" (Text/Qian Jingtong)